Since already tried other things, open up Internet Explorer and try going to:
https://m1.escargot.log1p.xyz
See if you get a 404 error/blank page (what’s expected), a certificate error, or a “can’t connect” error. If it’s a certificate error, the details of what it’s complaining about may be helpful and would be the problem that needs solving.
The display picture shown on the sign in screen is grabbed from a local cache based on the email address, so if this machine has ever been able to save your display picture to that cache, it will still show it now when you type in your address. It doesn’t grab the display picture from the server pre-sign in.